Linux shell useful commands
Submitted by Nik on 3 January, 2008 - 16:28.
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| mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir | Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only) | |
| cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast | Clear a CDRW | |
| gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom - | Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev) | |
| cdparanoia -B | Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir | |
| cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio *.wav | Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao) | |
| oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg' | Make ogg file from wav file | |
| tar c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2 | Make archive of dir/ | |
| bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar x | Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files) | |
| tar c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg' | Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine | |
| find dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2 | Make archive of subset of dir/ and below | |
| find dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents | Make copy of subset of dir/ and below | |
| ( tar c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p ) | Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir | |
| ( cd /dir/to/copy && tar c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p ) | Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/ | |
| ( tar c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar x -p' | Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir | |
| dd bs=1M if=/dev/sda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=sda.gz' | Backup harddisk to remote machine | |
| rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file | Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads | |
| rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile | Locally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O | |
| rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html' | Mirror web site (using compression and encryption) | |
| rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh . remote:/dir/ | Synchronize current directory with remote one | |
| alias l='ls -l --color=auto' | quick dir listing | |
| ls -lrt | List files by date. | |
| find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr' | Search 'expr' in this dir and below. | |
| find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'example' | Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir and below | |
| find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'example' | Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir | |
| find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done | Process each item with multiple commands (in while loop) | |
| find -type f ! -perm -444 | Find files not readable by all (useful for web site) | |
| find -type d ! -perm -111 | Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site) | |
| locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt' | Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt | |
| ip link show | List interfaces | |
| ethtool interface | List interface status | |
| ip link set dev eth0 name wan | Rename eth0 to wan | |
| ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0 | Add ip and mask(255.255.255.0) | |
| ip link set dev interface up | Bring interface up (or down) | |
| ip route add default via 1.2.3.254 | Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254 | |
| tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1:0 netem delay 20msec | Add 20ms latency to loopback device (for testing) | |
| tc qdisc del dev lo root | Remove latency added above | |
| host pixelbeat.org | Lookup ip address for name or vice versa | |
| hostname -i | Lookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`) | |
| netstat -tupl | List internet services on a system | |
| netstat -tup | List active connections to/from system | |
(cd cmdline && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html) |
Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir | |
wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file |
Continue downloading a partially downloaded file | |
wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/dir/ |
Download a set of files to the current directory | |
wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/ |
FTP supports globbing directly | |
wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | head |
Process output directly | |
echo 'wget url' | at 01:00 |
Download url at 1AM to current dir | |
wget --limit-rate=20k url |
Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case) | |
wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html |
Check links in a file | |
wget --mirror http://www.example.com/ |
Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron) | |
| smbtree | Find windows machines. See also findsmb | |
| nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4 | Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address | |
| smbclient -L windows_box | List shares on windows machine or samba server | |
| mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share | Mount a windows share | |
| echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows_box | Send popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2) | |
| echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -l | Quick math (Calculate φ). | |
| echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' | bc | More complex (int) e.g. This shows max FastE packet rate | |
| echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' | python | Python handles scientific notation | |
| echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)' | gnuplot -persist | Plot FastE packet rate vs packet size | |
| echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 64206' | bc | Base conversion (decimal to hexadecimal) | |
| echo $((0x2dec)) | Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion)) | |
| units -t '100m/9.74s' 'miles/hour' | Unit conversion (metric to imperial) | |
| units -t '500GB' 'GiB' | Unit conversion (SI to IEC prefixes) | |
| units -t '1 googol' | Definition lookup | |
| seq 100 | (tr '\n' +; echo 0) | bc | Add a column of numbers. | |
| sed 's/string1/string2/g' | Replace string1 with string2 | |
| sed 's/\(.*\)1/\12/g' | Modify anystring1 to anystring2 | |
| sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' | Remove comments and blank lines | |
| sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' | Concatenate lines with trailing \ | |
| sed 's/[ \t]*$//' | Remove trailing spaces from lines | |
| sed 's/\([\\`\\"$\\\\]\)/\\\1/g' | Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes | |
| seq 10 | sed "s/^/ /;s/ *\(.\{7,\}\)/\1/" | Right align numbers | |
| sed -n '1000p;1000q' | Print 1000th line | |
| sed -n '10,20p;20q' | Print lines 10 to 20 | |
| sed -n 's/.*<title>\(.*\)<\/title>.*/\1/ip;T;q' | Extract title from HTML web page | |
| sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n | Sort IPV4 ip addresses | |
| echo 'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' | Case conversion | |
| tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom | Filter non printable characters | |
| grep 'processor' /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l | Count lines | |
| LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq | Union of unsorted files | |
| LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq -d | Intersection of unsorted files | |
| LANG=C sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u | Difference of unsorted files | |
| LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq -u | Symmetric Difference of unsorted files | |
| LANG=C comm file1 file2 | sed 's/^\t*//' | Union of sorted files | |
| LANG=C comm -12 file1 file2 | Intersection of sorted files | |
| LANG=C comm -13 file1 file2 | Difference of sorted files | |
| LANG=C comm -3 file1 file2 | sed 's/^\t*//' | Symmetric Difference of sorted files | |
| cal -3 | Display a calendar | |
| cal 9 1752 | Display a calendar for a particular month year | |
| date -d fri | What date is it this friday. | |
| date --date='25 Dec' +%A | What day does xmas fall on, this year | |
| date --date '1970-01-01 UTC 2147483647 seconds' | Convert number of seconds since the epoch to a date | |
| TZ=':America/Los_Angeles' date | What time is it on West coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ) | |
| echo "mail -s 'get the train' P@draigBrady.com < /dev/null" | at 17:45 | Email reminder | |
| echo "DISPLAY=$DISPLAY xmessage cooker" | at "NOW + 30 minutes" | Popup reminder | |
| printf "%'d\n" 1234 | Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale | |
| BLOCK_SIZE=\'1 ls -l | get ls to do thousands grouping appropriate to locale | |
| echo "I live in `locale territory`" | Extract info from locale database | |
| locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less | List fields in locale database | |
| LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix | Lookup locale info for specific country. | |
| ls -lSr | Show files, biggest last | |
| du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head | Show top disk users in current dir. | |
| df -h | Show free disk space | |
| df -i | Show free inodes | |
| fdisk -l | Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root) | |
| rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n | List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros | |
| dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n | List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros | |
| dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test | Create a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate | |
| strace -c ls >/dev/null | Summarise/profile system calls made by command | |
| strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null | List system calls made by command | |
| ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null | List library calls made by command | |
| lsof -p $$ | List paths that process id has open | |
| lsof ~ | List processes that have specified path open | |
| tcpdump not port 22 | Show network traffic except ssh. | |
| ps -e -o pid,args --forest | List processes in a hierarchy | |
| ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d' | List processes by % cpu usage | |
| ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS | List processes by mem usage. | |
| ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state | List all threads for a particular process | |
| ps -p 1,2 | List info for particular process IDs | |
| last reboot | Show system reboot history | |
| free -m | Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB) | |
| watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts' | Watch changeable data continuously | |
| # | dmidecode -q | less | Display SMBIOS/DMI information |
| # | smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power_On_Hours | How long has this disk (system) been powered on in total |
| # | hdparm -i /dev/sda | Show info about disk sda |
| # | hdparm -tT /dev/sda | Do a read speed test on disk sda |
| # | badblocks -s /dev/sda | Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda |
| mount | column -t | Show mounted filesystems on the system (and align output) | |
| cat /proc/partitions | Show all partitions registered on the system | |
| grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo | Show RAM total seen by the system | |
| grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo | Show CPU(s) info | |
| lspci -tv | Show PCI info | |
| lsusb -tv | Show USB info | |
| recode -l | less | Show available conversions (aliases on each line) | |
| recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt | Windows "ansi" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion) | |
| recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt | Windows utf8 to local charset | |
| recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt | Latin9 (western europe) to utf8 | |
| recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64 | Base64 encode | |
| recode /qp.. < file.txt > file.qp | Quoted printable decode | |
| recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html | Text to HTML | |
| recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro | Lookup table of characters | |
| echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump | Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap | |
| echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x | Show latin-9 encoding | |
| echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x | Show utf-8 encoding | |
| mc | Powerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ... | |
| screen | Virtual terminals with detach capability, ... | |
| links | Web browser | |
| gnuplot | Interactive/scriptable graphing | |
| octave | Matlab like environment |
Thanks pixelbeat.org for this useful sheet of commads. I suggest printing this out so that you have it on your desk the next time you set up a linux server :)
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